The functionality of the immune system is influenced by internal factors like age, sex, and genetics, as well as external factors such as seasons, past infections, and medication use. This thesis focuses on how these internal and external parameters affect the innate immune system and its ability to develop memory, known as trained immunity. The research revealed that the gene RORA, seasonal changes, and the osteoporosis medication alendronate significantly impact the trained immunity response after BCG vaccination. While BCG vaccination is primarily used to protect against tuberculosis, it also induces trained immunity. The study found that BCG vaccination in the spring, the use of alendronate on the day of BCG administration, and certain variants of the RORA gene weaken this trained immunity. Additionally, the research showed that older age and male sex are risk factors for developing severe COVID-19, while mild to moderate COVID-19 infection does not impact immune system functionality after recovery. The findings of this thesis highlight the importance of timing vaccinations and improving vaccine formulations by considering both internal and external factors.
Gizem Kilic (1993) earned her Master's degree in Molecular Biology and Genetics from Bilkent University, Türkiye, in 2019, focusing on the modulation of innate immunity. She later began her PhD at the Radboudumc’s Department of Internal Medicine, studying various factors impacting innate immune responses. She is currently investigating the differences in vaccine responses between young and older adults at the Radboudumc.